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        <h1 id="网络爬虫之网络请求"><a href="#网络爬虫之网络请求" class="headerlink" title="网络爬虫之网络请求"></a>网络爬虫之网络请求</h1><a id="more"></a>
<p>说明：此博客有关爬虫的内容均学习自B站：up主：神奇的老黄。视频链接：<a href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/av44518113" target="_blank" rel="noopener">神奇的老黄</a></p>
<h2 id="urllib库"><a href="#urllib库" class="headerlink" title="urllib库"></a>urllib库</h2><h3 id="安装urllib库"><a href="#安装urllib库" class="headerlink" title="安装urllib库"></a>安装urllib库</h3><ol>
<li>pip命令pip install urllib</li>
<li>pycharm-&gt;菜单栏的file-&gt;setting-&gt;Project Interpreter-&gt;点击”+”号-&gt;搜索urllib库安装即可</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h3><ol>
<li>urlopen打开网址并读取内容</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#encoding: utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span> request,parse</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 打开地址</span></span><br><span class="line">req=request.urlopen(<span class="string">"http://www.baidu.com"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 读取页面所有内容代码</span></span><br><span class="line">print(req.read())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 读取一行</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print(req.readline())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 读取多行</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print(req.readlines())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 读取状态码</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print(req.getcode())</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li><p>urlretrieve函数保存数据到文件</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 保存文件</span></span><br><span class="line">ret = request.urlretrieve(<span class="string">"http://www.baidu.com"</span>,<span class="string">"baidu.html"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>编码与解码</p>
</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 编码与解码</span></span><br><span class="line">params=&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>:<span class="string">'张三'</span>,<span class="string">'age'</span>:<span class="string">'18'</span>,<span class="string">'greet'</span>:<span class="string">'hallo word'</span>&#125;<span class="comment">#字典</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 编码</span></span><br><span class="line">qu = parse.urlencode(params)</span><br><span class="line">print(qu)</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">"http://www.baidu.com/s"</span></span><br><span class="line">url = url+<span class="string">"?"</span>+qu</span><br><span class="line">print(url)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">qs = parse.parse_qs(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(qs)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 解码使用 urllib.parse.unquote()</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>运行结果:<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name=%E5%BC%A0%E4%B8%89&amp;age=18&amp;greet=hallo+word</span><br><span class="line">http://www.baidu.com/s?name=%E5%BC%A0%E4%B8%89&amp;age=18&amp;greet=hallo+word</span><br><span class="line">&#123;&apos;http://www.baidu.com/s?name&apos;: [&apos;张三&apos;], &apos;age&apos;: [&apos;18&apos;], &apos;greet&apos;: [&apos;hallo word&apos;]&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<ol start="4">
<li>urlparse和urlsplit函数分割网址</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 网址分割</span></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=python&amp;username=abc#1'</span></span><br><span class="line">result1 = parse.urlparse(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(result1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">result2 = parse.urlsplit(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(result2)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>运行结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ParseResult(scheme=&apos;http&apos;, netloc=&apos;www.baidu.com&apos;, path=&apos;/s&apos;, params=&apos;&apos;, query=&apos;wd=python&amp;username=abc&apos;, fragment=&apos;1&apos;)</span><br><span class="line">SplitResult(scheme=&apos;http&apos;, netloc=&apos;www.baidu.com&apos;, path=&apos;/s&apos;, query=&apos;wd=python&amp;username=abc&apos;, fragment=&apos;1&apos;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="让你的爬虫更加人性化"><a href="#让你的爬虫更加人性化" class="headerlink" title="让你的爬虫更加人性化"></a>让你的爬虫更加人性化</h3><p>这里要从urllib库中导入request</p>
<ol>
<li><p>添加headers<br> 标头 (header) 是服务器以HTTP协议传HTML资料到浏览器前所送出的字串</p>
</li>
<li><p>Referer也是包括在Request Headers里面的信息，添加此选项，可以让你的爬虫更人性化</p>
</li>
<li><p>添加data数据,GET请求的请求参数是直接包含在URL中了，而POST请求的请求参数则不会出现在URL中，而是要经过单独的封装处理，这就用到data了。</p>
</li>
<li><p>以下是包括上述的一个爬取电驴登录界面的例子<br>代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#encoding: utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span>  request,parse</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://secure.verycd.com/signin'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>:<span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5944.400 LBBROWSER/10.1.3378.400'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Referer'</span>:<span class="string">'http://secure.verycd.com/signin'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'username'</span>:<span class="string">'11111'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'password'</span>:<span class="string">'1e312r'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'continue'</span>:<span class="string">'http://www.verycd.com'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'fk'</span>:<span class="string">''</span>,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'save_cookie'</span>:<span class="string">'1'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'login_submit'</span>:<span class="string">'登录'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">req = request.Request(url,headers=headers,</span><br><span class="line">                      data = parse.urlencode(data).encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>),method = <span class="string">'POST'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 也可以通过Request.add_header()来添加</span></span><br><span class="line">resp = request.urlopen(req)</span><br><span class="line">print(resp.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="ProxyHandler处理器（代理）："><a href="#ProxyHandler处理器（代理）：" class="headerlink" title="ProxyHandler处理器（代理）："></a>ProxyHandler处理器（代理）：</h3><ol>
<li>代理的原理：在请求目的网站之前，我们先请求代理服务器，然后让代理服务器去请求目的网站，代理服务器拿到目的网站的数据后，再转发给我们。</li>
<li>一些好用的网站：<ul>
<li><a href="http://httpbin.org：这个网站可以方便的查看http请求的一些参数。" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://httpbin.org：这个网站可以方便的查看http请求的一些参数。</a></li>
<li>西刺免费代理IP: <a href="http://www.xicidaili.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.xicidaili.com/</a></li>
<li>快代理: <a href="http://www" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www</a>. kuaidaili.com/</li>
<li>代理云: <a href="http://www.dailiyun.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.dailiyun.com/</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>在代码中使用代理：<ul>
<li>使用<code>urllib.request.ProxyHandler</code>，传入一个代理，这个代理是一个字典，字典的key依赖于代理服务器能够接收的类型，一般是<code>http</code>或者<code>https</code>，值是<code>ip:port</code>。</li>
<li>使用上一步创建的<code>handler</code>，以及<code>request.build_opener</code>创建一个<code>opener</code>对象。</li>
<li>使用上一步创建的<code>opener</code>，调用<code>open</code>函数，发起请求。<br>示例代码如下：<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span>  request</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 未使用代理</span></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/ip'</span></span><br><span class="line">req = request.urlopen(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(req.read())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 使用代理</span></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/ip'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#下面的代理ip是通过我们网站得到的一些免费代理ip</span></span><br><span class="line">handler = request.ProxyHandler(&#123;<span class="string">"http"</span>:<span class="string">"114.113.220.192:80"</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">opener = request.build_opener(handler)</span><br><span class="line">req = opener.open(url)</span><br><span class="line">print(req.read())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>你用的免费代理可能不会成功访问，所以要多试几个哦</p>
<h3 id="Cookie"><a href="#Cookie" class="headerlink" title="Cookie"></a>Cookie</h3><h4 id="Cookie模拟登录"><a href="#Cookie模拟登录" class="headerlink" title="Cookie模拟登录"></a>Cookie模拟登录</h4><p>  Cookie，指某些网站为了辨别用户身份、进行session跟踪而储存在用户本地终端上的数据（通常经过加密）。在网站中，http请求是无状态的。也就是说即使第一次和服务器连接后并且登录成功后，第二次请求服务器依然不能知道当前请求是哪个用户。cookie 的出现就是为了解决这个问题，第一次登录后服务器返回一些数据(cookie) 给浏览器，然后浏览器保存在本地，当该用户发送第二次请求的时候，就会自动的把上次请求存储的cookie 数据自动的携带给服务器,服务器通过浏览器携带的数据就能判断当前用户是哪个了。cookie 存储的数据量有限，不同的浏览器有不同的存储大小，但-般不超过4KB。因此使用cookie只能存储一些小量的数据。<br>  cookie的格式:</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Set-Cookie: NAME=VALUE; Expires /Max-age=DATE: Path=PATH; Domain=DOMAIN NAME: SECURE</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>  参数意义:</p>
<pre><code>- NAME: cookie的名字。
- VALUE: cookie的值。
- Expires : cookie的过期时间。
- Path: cookie作用的路径。
- Domain: cookie作用的域名。
- SECURE: 是否只在https协议下起作用。
</code></pre><p>  比如说有些网站需要登录后才能访问某个页面，在登录之前，你想抓取某个页面内容是不允许的，他会给你自动跳转到登录或注册页面了。那么我们可以利用Urllib2库保存我们登录的Cookie，然后再抓取其他页面就达到目的了。</p>
<ol>
<li>第一种解决方案：在headers里添加key:Cookie成员,value:也是包括在Request Headers里面的。<br>这里用cookie爬取某一微博博主界面<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># coding:utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span> request</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'https://weibo.com/seize?refer_flag=0000015010_&amp;from=feed&amp;loc=avatar&amp;is_all=1'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>:<span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5944.400 LBBROWSER/10.1.3378.400'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'Cookie'</span>:<span class="string">'数据太多省略'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">req = request.Request(url = url,headers= headers)</span><br><span class="line">resp = request.urlopen(req)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'weibo.html'</span>,<span class="string">'w'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fp:</span><br><span class="line">    fp.write(resp.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>,<span class="string">'ignore'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<p>虽然最后结果是返回给你的是一个假的代码，但方法就是这样。<br>还要说明一点：这里的write函数写入的必须是str类型（read()读出来是一个bytes类型），bytes通过decode变成str,str通过encode变成bytes类型</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>第二种方法：http.cookiejar模板</li>
</ol>
<p>http.cookiejar模块:</p>
<p>该模块主要的类有CookieJary FileCookieJar、 MoillaCookieJar、 LWPCookieJar。这四个类的作用分别如下:</p>
<ul>
<li>CookieJar:管理HTTP cookie值、存储HTTP请求生成的cookie、向传出的HTTP请求添加cookie的对象。整个cookie都存储在内存中，对CookieJar实例进行垃圾回收后cookie也将丢失。</li>
<li>FileCookieJar (flename,delayload=None,policy=None):从CookieJar派生而来，用来创建FileCookieJar实例，检索cookie信息并将cookie存储到文件中。filename是存储cookie的文件名。delayload为True时支持延迟访问访问文件，即只有在需要时才读取文件或在文件中存储数据。</li>
<li>MoillaCookieJar (filename,delayload=None,policy=None):从FileCookieJa派生而来，创建与Mozilla浏览器cookies.txt兼容的FileCookieJar实例。</li>
<li>LWPCookieJar (filename,delayload=None,policy=None):从FileCookieJar派生 而来，创建与libwww-perl标准的Set-Cookie3文件格式兼容的FileCookieJar实例。</li>
</ul>
<p>下面利用http.cookiejar和request .HTTPCookieProcessor登录人人网，代码如下:<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#encoding: utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span> request</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span> parse</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> http.cookiejar <span class="keyword">import</span> CookieJar</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#全局</span></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>:<span class="string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.94 Safari/537.36"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_opener</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 1. 登录</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 1.1 创建一个cookiejar对象</span></span><br><span class="line">    cookiejar = CookieJar()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 1.2 使用cookiejar创建一个HTTPCookieProcess对象</span></span><br><span class="line">    handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 1.3 使用上一步创建的handler创建一个opener</span></span><br><span class="line">    opener = request.build_opener(handler)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> opener</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">login_renren</span><span class="params">(opener)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 1.4 使用opener发送登录的请求（人人网的邮箱和密码）</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 把这些cookie数据写到opener里面</span></span><br><span class="line">    data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'email'</span>:<span class="string">"970138074@qq.com"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'password'</span>: <span class="string">"pythonspider"</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    login_url = <span class="string">"http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do"</span></span><br><span class="line">    req = request.Request(login_url,data=parse.urlencode(data).encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>),headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">    opener.open(req)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">visit_profile</span><span class="params">(opener)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 2. 访问个人主页</span></span><br><span class="line">    dapeng_url = <span class="string">"http://www.renren.com/880151247/profile"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 获取个人主页的页面的时候，不要新建一个opener</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 而应该使用之前的那个opener，因为之前的那个opener已经包含了登录所需要的cookie信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    req = request.Request(dapeng_url,headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">    resp = opener.open(req)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'renren.html'</span>,<span class="string">'w'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fp:</span><br><span class="line">        fp.write(resp.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    opener = get_opener()</span><br><span class="line">    login_renren(opener)</span><br><span class="line">    visit_profile(opener)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h4 id="保存cookie到本地"><a href="#保存cookie到本地" class="headerlink" title="保存cookie到本地"></a>保存cookie到本地</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#encoding: utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span> request</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> http.cookiejar <span class="keyword">import</span> MozillaCookieJar</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cookiejar = MozillaCookieJar(<span class="string">'cookie.txt'</span>) <span class="comment"># 建立对象</span></span><br><span class="line">handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar) <span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line">opener = request.build_opener(handler)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">resp = opener.open(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies/set?course=anzhusen'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># # 浏览器会话结束cookie信息就会删掉，到达过期时间了</span></span><br><span class="line">cookiejar.save()<span class="comment">#运行结果为空</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 解决办法：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 保存cookie即将过期的cookie信息</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># cookiejar.save(ignore_discard=True)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 运行结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># httpbin.org	FALSE	/	FALSE		course	anzhusen</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="加载本地的cookie信息并使用"><a href="#加载本地的cookie信息并使用" class="headerlink" title="加载本地的cookie信息并使用"></a>加载本地的cookie信息并使用</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#encoding: utf-8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib <span class="keyword">import</span> request</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> http.cookiejar <span class="keyword">import</span> MozillaCookieJar</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cookiejar = MozillaCookieJar(<span class="string">'cookie.txt'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 把本地的cookie信息（以前用过的cookie信息），加载到cookiejar对象中。</span></span><br><span class="line">cookiejar.load(ignore_discard=<span class="literal">True</span>) <span class="comment"># 参数表示把已经过期的cookie信息也加载进来</span></span><br><span class="line">handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar)</span><br><span class="line">opener = request.build_opener(handler)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">resp = opener.open(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> cookie <span class="keyword">in</span> cookiejar:</span><br><span class="line">    print(cookie)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 运行结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># &lt;Cookie course=anzhusen for httpbin.org/&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="Requests库"><a href="#Requests库" class="headerlink" title="Requests库"></a>Requests库</h2><h3 id="发送get请求："><a href="#发送get请求：" class="headerlink" title="发送get请求："></a>发送get请求：</h3><p>发送get请求，直接调用<code>requests.get</code>就可以了。想要发送什么类型的请求，就调用什么方法。<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">response = requests.get(<span class="string">"https://www.baidu.com/"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h4 id="response的一些属性："><a href="#response的一些属性：" class="headerlink" title="response的一些属性："></a>response的一些属性：</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">kw = &#123;<span class="string">'wd'</span>:<span class="string">'中国'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;<span class="string">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.99 Safari/537.36"</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># params 接收一个字典或者字符串的查询参数，字典类型自动转换为url编码，不需要urlencode()</span></span><br><span class="line">response = requests.get(<span class="string">"http://www.baidu.com/s"</span>, params = kw, headers = headers)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看响应内容，response.text 返回的是Unicode格式的数据</span></span><br><span class="line">print(response.text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看响应内容，response.content,返回的字节流数据</span></span><br><span class="line">print(response.content)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看完整url地址</span></span><br><span class="line">print(response.url)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看响应头部字符编码</span></span><br><span class="line">print(response.encoding)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 查看响应码</span></span><br><span class="line">print(response.status_code)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h5 id="response-text和response-content的区别："><a href="#response-text和response-content的区别：" class="headerlink" title="response.text和response.content的区别："></a>response.text和response.content的区别：</h5><ol>
<li>response.content：这个是直接从网络上面抓取的数据。没有经过任何解码。所以是一个bytes类型。其实在硬盘上和在网络上传输的字符串都是bytes类型。</li>
<li>response.text：这个是str的数据类型，是requests库将response.content进行解码的字符串。解码需要指定一个编码方式，requests会根据自己的猜测来判断编码的方式。所以有时候可能会猜测错误，就会导致解码产生乱码。这时候就应该使用<code>response.content.decode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)</code>进行手动解码。这里不一定是’utf-8’，你可以检查元素网页的编码格式</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="发送post请求："><a href="#发送post请求：" class="headerlink" title="发送post请求："></a>发送post请求：</h3><p>发送post请求非常简单。直接调用<code>requests.post（）</code>方法就可以了。<br>如果返回的是json数据。那么可以调用<code>response.json()</code>来将json字符串转换为字典或者列表。</p>
<h3 id="使用代理："><a href="#使用代理：" class="headerlink" title="使用代理："></a>使用代理：</h3><p>在请求方法中，传递<code>proxies</code>参数就可以了。例示代码如下：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span>  requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/get'</span></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>:<span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5944.400 LBBROWSER/10.1.3378.400'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">proxy = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'http'</span>:<span class="string">'163.204.243.182:9999'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">resp = requests.get(url ,headers = headers,proxies = proxy)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print(resp.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h3 id="处理cookie："><a href="#处理cookie：" class="headerlink" title="处理cookie："></a>处理cookie：</h3><p>如果想要在多次请求中共享cookie。那么应该使用session。示例代码如下：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">"http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do"</span></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;<span class="string">"email"</span>:<span class="string">"970138074@qq.com"</span>,<span class="string">'password'</span>:<span class="string">"pythonspider"</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.94 Safari/537.36"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">session = requests.Session()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 访问登录页面，并把信息存储在seesion里面</span></span><br><span class="line">session.post(url,data=data,headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 用这个session去获取需要登录后才能访问的界面</span></span><br><span class="line">response = session.get(<span class="string">'http://www.renren.com/880151247/profile'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'renren.html'</span>,<span class="string">'w'</span>,encoding=<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> fp:</span><br><span class="line">    fp.write(response.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h3 id="处理没有授权的https协议："><a href="#处理没有授权的https协议：" class="headerlink" title="处理没有授权的https协议："></a>处理没有授权的https协议：</h3><p>对于那些已经不被信任的SSL整数的网站，添加一个verify参数，示例代码如下:<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">resp = requests . get( http://www<span class="number">.12386</span>. cn/mormhweb/<span class="string">' ,verify=False)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">print(resp. content . decode("utf-8'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>

      
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              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#网络爬虫之网络请求"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">网络爬虫之网络请求</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#urllib库"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">urllib库</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#安装urllib库"><span class="nav-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">安装urllib库</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用"><span class="nav-number">1.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#让你的爬虫更加人性化"><span class="nav-number">1.1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">让你的爬虫更加人性化</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ProxyHandler处理器（代理）："><span class="nav-number">1.1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">ProxyHandler处理器（代理）：</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Cookie"><span class="nav-number">1.1.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">Cookie</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#Cookie模拟登录"><span class="nav-number">1.1.5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Cookie模拟登录</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#保存cookie到本地"><span class="nav-number">1.1.5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">保存cookie到本地</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#加载本地的cookie信息并使用"><span class="nav-number">1.1.5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">加载本地的cookie信息并使用</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Requests库"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Requests库</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#发送get请求："><span class="nav-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">发送get请求：</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#response的一些属性："><span class="nav-number">1.2.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">response的一些属性：</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-5"><a class="nav-link" href="#response-text和response-content的区别："><span class="nav-number">1.2.1.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">response.text和response.content的区别：</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#发送post请求："><span class="nav-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">发送post请求：</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用代理："><span class="nav-number">1.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用代理：</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#处理cookie："><span class="nav-number">1.2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">处理cookie：</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#处理没有授权的https协议："><span class="nav-number">1.2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">处理没有授权的https协议：</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></div>
            

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                if(title != '') {
                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
                      var wordLen = word.length;
                      if (wordLen === 0) {
                        return [];
                      }
                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
                      if (!caseSensitive) {
                        text = text.toLowerCase();
                        word = word.toLowerCase();
                      }
                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
                      }
                      return index;
                    }

                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
                  });
                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
                    isMatch = true;
                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
                  }
                }

                // show search results

                if (isMatch) {
                  // sort index by position of keyword

                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
                      } else {
                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
                      }
                    });
                  });

                  // merge hits into slices

                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    var hits = [];
                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
                      if (word === searchText) {
                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
                      }
                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;

                      // move to next position of hit

                      index.pop();
                      while (index.length != 0) {
                        item = index[index.length - 1];
                        position = item.position;
                        word = item.word;
                        if (wordEnd > position) {
                          index.pop();
                        } else {
                          break;
                        }
                      }
                    }
                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
                    return {
                      hits: hits,
                      start: start,
                      end: end,
                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
                    };
                  }

                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
                  }

                  var slicesOfContent = [];
                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    // cut out 100 characters
                    var start = position - 20;
                    var end = position + 80;
                    if(start < 0){
                      start = 0;
                    }
                    if (end < position + word.length) {
                      end = position + word.length;
                    }
                    if(end > content.length){
                      end = content.length;
                    }
                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
                  }

                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count

                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
                    } else {
                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
                    }
                  });

                  // select top N slices in content

                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
                  }

                  // highlight title and content

                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
                    var result = '';
                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
                      prevEnd = end;
                    });
                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
                    return result;
                  }

                  var resultItem = '';

                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
                  } else {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
                  }

                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
                  });

                  resultItem += "</li>";
                  resultItems.push({
                    item: resultItem,
                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
                    hitCount: hitCount,
                    id: resultItems.length
                  });
                }
              })
            };
            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else {
              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
                } else {
                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
                }
              });
              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
                searchResultList += result.item;
              })
              searchResultList += "</ul>";
              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
            }
          }

          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
          } else {
            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
                inputEventFunction();
              }
            });
          }

          // remove loading animation
          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
          $('body').css('overflow', '');

          proceedsearch();
        }
      });
    }

    // handle and trigger popup window;
    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
      e.stopPropagation();
      if (isfetched === false) {
        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
      } else {
        proceedsearch();
      };
    });

    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
    $('.popup').click(function(e){
      e.stopPropagation();
    });
    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
        onPopupClose();
      }
    });
  </script>





  

  

  

  
  

  

  

  


  
   <canvas class="fireworks" style="position: fixed;left: 0;top: 0;z-index: 1; pointer-events: none;"></canvas> 
   <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.bootcss.com/animejs/2.2.0/anime.min.js"></script> 
   <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/fireworks.js"></script>
  

</body>
</html>
